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1636 AD "Black Tom" Wentworth returned to England to explain his revenue raising methods to Charles 1st the French Stuart English King, and was then able to return to Ireland in a much stronger position then he had been in before and began to reassert his domineering position against the Ascendancy ruling classes in Ireland who had opposed him previously. He now claimed more Irish land for the English Crown in Co. Galway although the Irish and the Anglo - Irish there naturally offered resistance to their land being taken.

Sir Randle Mac Donnell the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn Colla Uais Catholic Earl of Antrim in the north - east of the Ulster Province, who was married to Aellis O Neill, constructed Glenarm Castle there this year. - Anastasia Gould / Goold originally / Gul, from an English family who had come into Ireland in Medieval Times into Co. Cork in Southern Munster, built Monkstown Castle there this year also for a total cost of 4 pence by using blatant trickery on her workers.

1637 AD Charles 1st the Stuart English King had Thomas "Black Tom" Wentworth his Lord Deputy in Ireland go on with the Church of England Plantations in Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province by fraud. In August: The new jury put in, in Co. Galway, to decide on the take over also of the land there, now gave in to Wentworth acting on behalf of Charles 1st, and this allowed him access to the whole of the Connacht Province where he would be able to install more English Episcopalian Planters. He intended putting them into a quarter of each of the territories in the Counties in Connacht, that he had now secured also there, except for Co. Galway were he was intendng to Plant them into a half of the territory there. Fate intervened and it never came to pass as Wentworth was to be recalled to England before he could carry out his plan but his intentions certainly increased the fear that the Old English / Anglo Irish already had over holding onto the land in Ireland. The pressure brought on by Wentworth once again had bought the Irish and Anglo / Irish Catholics and Episcopalians closer together in a common interest to stop any further English Plantation in Connacht. Meanwhile, the Episcopalian Church of England and Scottish Presbyterian Planters in the Ulster Province were also to be effected by the non - confirmation of the 51 Graces as they too were subject to the increasing greedy actions of Charles 1st . Wentworth continued to also increase their rents and made two thirds of the land there subject to Knight Service to Charles 1st in Co. Armagh, Co. Cavan, Co. Donegal, Co. Fermanagh & Co. Tyrone while in Co. Derry it was to be even worse. In Co. Derry he cancelled the Charter on the land around the Coleraine - Derry region that had been originally confiscated from Sir Cahir O Doherty that had previously been granted to the Common Council of London in 1609 AD by his father, James 1st, and granted a new Charter for 150,000 Irish acres to be given to the London merchants, with 34,000 acres going to the Skinners, 27,000 acres to the Drapers, 21,000 acres to the Mercers and 20,000 acres to the Fishmongers.

Initially those in authority in the English Government had divided Ireland into 33 Counties, which included a division of Co. Tipperary in the north - east of the Munster Province into 2 parts, which was now reunited as one County again, while the Boroughs now numbered 41 with 2 votes allotted to each, which were mainly held by the Anglo / Irish / Old English, which included 4 that were previously created by James 1st himself.

The Heberian Cianacht Chieftain, Fergal O Gara was at this time still holding onto a large portion of the territory around Coolavin in Co. Sligo in the north - west of the Connacht Province where he was to be the patron of Michael O Clery who was involved in the composition of the Acta Santorum Hiberniae / The Annals of Ulster of the Four Masters from 1632 - 1636 AD, which was later to be printed in Louvain in France in the Gaelic Irish language and produced in 4 Volumes.

1638 AD February: The Calvinist Presbyterians in the Lowlands in Scotland renewed their National Covenant in Edinburgh, which went against the wishes of Charles 1st the Stuart English King, who re - introduced into Ireland heavy fines and the forfeiting of some lands for not conforming to his particular version of the Church of England while English names were also never accepted by the Mere Irish, especially in Co. Derry in the north - east of the Ulster Province. He also handed over Roscommon Manor House in Co. Roscommon in the east of the Connacht Province to Sir Frederick Hamilton his English Land Undertaker Planter in Ireland who was to also erect Manor Hamilton in Co. Leitrim in Northern Connacht on land that he also gave him there, which is now also only a ruin. Meanwhile the real Ulster Plantation had been carried out quietly all along by the Scottish Lowland settlers before 1609 AD as Scotland was only 13 mile across the Irish Sea and it was still to continue later on.

Thomas "Black Tom" Wentworth finally went too far by removing a monument from St. Patrick's Church in Dublin, which was now under the control of the Episcopalian Church of England / Ireland, that had been previously donated by Richard Boyle the 1st English appointed Earl of Cork and this became an act for which he would pay dearly, as it would go a long way in bringing about his fall from grace and an early demise. He had been in control in Ireland for Charles 1st by now for 5 years where he had managed to alienate anyone and everyone, and would still not confirm the promised 51 Graces, and also pushed on with his English non - Catholic Plantation plans against the Old English / Anglo Irish, and had many of the other English Dissenters / Non - Conformists against him also over his determination to force the Church of England forms of worship onto everyone in Ireland. The Scottish Presbyterian Planters in the Ulster Province were also against him and the Scottish rebellion now being carried out in the Lowlands in Scotland against Charles 1st had made matters worse there.

1639 AD Charles 1st had appointed "Black Tom" Wentworth to his exalted position because he was also anti - Scottish as he considered the Scottish Presbyterians were even more dangerous than the Catholics, which was to bring about the "Black Oath." In May: Wentworth was to introduce the Black Oath to try and force the Scottish Presbyterians in the Ulster Province, over the age of 16 years, to give an Oath of Allegiance to Charles 1st and because of this many fled back over to Scotland so as not to have to take it. He then put 500 English Military troops into Carlisle, and also intended to form a new selected army in Ireland for Charles 1st, to continue to push forward his own agenda, comprised of 8,000 foot soldiers and 1,000 on horse. Charles 1st was now so excited with his progress that he made him the English Earl of Strafford, and then the Lord Lieutenant in Ireland, while Wandesford who was related to him, was created the English Lord Deputy in Ireland. In June: Charles 1st had his determined Episcopalian Church of England Bishop Laud try to impose the Church of England liturgies on the Lowlands in Scotland also, which had been the main cause for them to unite against him in the first place. Despite this a Treaty was eventually arranged with them after Berwick, and this also released some of the pressure that was growing in the Ulster Province in Ireland. On September 21st: "Black Tom" Wentworth returned to England to advise and assist Charles 1st on the many problems he was also having over there due to his continuing greedy and repressive policies there.

1640 AD Lowland Scottish Presbyterian Planters were still arriving into the Ulster Province and eventually another 22,000 English Church of England Planters were also to be brought in to Ireland with the intention of fulfilling the purposes of those in authority in England who wanted to finally remove any trace of the Catholic Irish people altogether whose lives up until now they had constantly interfered with for over 470 years. Thomas "Black Tom" Wentworth the English appointed Lord Lieutenant in Ireland who had been ensuring the ever increasing revenues of Charles 1st the Stuart English King, now also held vast portions of land on his own behalf in Ireland, including two very large estates, one composed of 34 ,000 acres, and another of 23 ,000 acres. On March 16th: Thomas Wentworth as the English Lord Lieutenant in Ireland called an Anglo - Irish Ascendancy Parliament but did not arrive until 2 days after it began and this then enabled those in attendance to record, "Many grievous pressures and proceedings of the clergy and their officers and Church of England ministers against the laity, especially the poorest." Although he was late on the scene he was somehow still able to obtain an extra 4 subsidies from the Parliament, on behalf of Charles 1st, and had them reaffirm their allegiance to him also, and then once again, returned to London feeling mighty pleased with himself. Meanwhile, his plans to Plant English non - Catholics into Co. Galway in Southern Connacht had by now came up against the resistance of the two Burkes the English Earls of Clan Rickarde, both the father and the son. He had also by now made many new enemies among the New English and the Old English / Anglo - Irish as he was always confident that he would be protected by the promise of Charles 1st that he would "stick by him no matter what" as he continued to increase the revenue for the English Crown in Ireland. To this end he had continued also to upset many of the Irish Chiefs also, including Rory O More in Co. Offaly in Southern Leinster, Lord Maguire in Co. Fermanagh in Southern Ulster, Sir Phelim O Niall of Coledon in Co. Tyrone in Central Southern Ulster, the O Reillys in Co. Cavan in Southern Ulster and the O Farrells / O Ferrells in Co. Longford in Northern Leinster. In reality he was now the catalyst who was continuing to push them closer together in a common Irish cause, which was to eventually force them to make a stand as Irishmen against the increasing impositions of the English Crown and eventually against the English Puritan Ascendancy Parliamentarians when they were to come to power after his demise. In April: Thomas Wentworth was to leave Ireland once again for England to give further advice to and assist Charles 1st in regard to his ongoing problems there with the members of the Puritan English Ascendancy Parliament of which he had once been a main member himself, until he had sold out to Charles 1st in his own personal interests. His current upwardly mobile status was to now only last until the meeting of the Long Parliament where he was to meet his final reward, due to implementing the previous mercenary survival tactics of his rapacious mentor, Charles 1st. The Short Parliament had since expired in England, and the Scottish Presbyterians were on the rampage against Charles 1st again in the Lowlands, and they crossed over the River Tweed and defeated the English Military forces at Newburn and were by now set up in the north of England as a real threat to Charles 1st.

June 1st : The Anglo - Irish Ascendancy Parliament resumed under Wandesford the appointed English Lord Deputy with the Catholic Irish numbers now down to only a quarter of the Assembly but despite this they were now combined with the Ascendancy who had the majority, in their grievances against Wentworth's rule in Ireland, and this forced Wandesford to close the Parliament down in Ireland after 3 weeks discussions and he then postponed any future meetings of the Parliament until the following October. In July: The new Irish Army set up previously by Thomas "Black Tom" Wentworth to personally serve the interests of Charles 1st was assembled at Carrickfergus in the Ulster Province under the command of James Butler the English 12th Earl of Ormonde. It was composed of mainly Church of England / Ireland Episcopalian officers while the majority of the troops were basically nearly all Catholic Irish. By November 3rd: Charles 1st, due to his continual greed, was in a truly desperate economic situation and in desperation he decided to take a chance and call the English Ascendancy Parliament together. When he did this he was to lose complete control of authority to the Long Parliament whose members for a long, long time had been receiving continual aggravating reports on the way that Thomas Wentworth had been carrying out the government in Ireland. On November 24th: Wentworth's old Puritan adversary, John Pym, was able to use this long list of grievances that had been received from the Parliament in Ireland to his own advantage and was also assisted by Sir John Clotworthy the English Ulster Land Lord who also held a seat in the English Ascendancy House of Commons. They managed to have Thomas Wentworth impeached and Charles 1st who was always a survivor did not lift a finger to assist him despite his many previous promises.

On December 3rd: Back in Ireland, Wandesford the English appointed Lord Deputy who had been also a relative of "Black Tom" Wentworth, suddenly died,, and Charles 1st replaced him with two other Lord Justices, Sir William Parsons, and a cohort of Thomas Wentworth in Lord Dillon, but in a sign of things to come Charles 1st was then forced to withdraw Lord Dillon and replace him with Sir John Borlase.

+On to 1641 AD - 1

Situated on the western bank of the Hunter River, midway between Muswellbrook and Denman the doorway to the Heart of Australia's "Horse Capital" in the Hunter Valley in New South Wales., Australia.

John & Sue Markham

RAINBOW FARMS 603 Roxburgh Road., Muswellbrook., 2333.

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