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1631 AD The Leabhar Gabhala (The Book of Invasions) was compiled by the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn "Southern" Ui Fiachrach O Clerys, which lists all the ancient Irish books used, including the Book of Ui Congbhail, which is now also lost.

The Eagle Wing sailed out of Ireland with Scottish Presbyterians from Groomsport in Co. Down in the south - east of the Ulster Province heading for America.

June 19th: Algerian Pirates / Barbary Pirates from the Berber States carried off 117 people from Balimore in Co. Cork in Southern Munster to be sold as slaves.

Sir Piers Crosbie a Church of England Land Lord was authorised to raise a force of 3,500 mercenaries in Ireland, to send to the non - Catholic King of Sweden to get them out of Ireland by the English Lord Justices in Ireland, but the King of Sweden was not enthused about getting a Catholic Irish force to fight for him against the other Catholic Countries and therefore he had no luck in getting one together. - The English Government under Charles 1st put forward re - introducing the Recusancy Fines for not conforming to the Church of England on the Catholic Irish as a means of further religious oppression and as a means of gaining revenue.

1632 -1636 AD The Irish historians of Tyrconnell (The Land of 88.Conall.) based on Co. Donegal in the west of the Ulster Province lived in the Kilbarron Castle, but wrote the History of Ireland down in the Donegal Franciscan monastery, which would later on to be destroyed while under the control of the English forces. The Franciscan monk, Michael / Tadhg O Clery / Ua Cleirigh had previously travelled all over Ireland for 15 years seeking out Irish history. With his cousin, Peregrine / Cucogry / Cu Choireriche O Clery, Fergus / Fear Feasa O Mulcrony / Ua Maol Chonaire and Peregrine / Cucogry / Cuchoigriche O Duigenan from Co. Leitrim in Northern Connacht they became known as “The Four Masters.” Michael’s brother, Conary O Clery and Maurice O Mulcrony also assisted them to put it all together with Tuleagna from Co. Roscommon in the east of the Connacht Province. They were the hereditary Irish chroniclers of the Septs and they also included a manuscript from 650 A.D by Caimhin / Caimmine the Abbot at Inis Celtra / Holy Island on Loch Derg who had died in 654 AD, which had been kept safe for a 1,000 years by the Mac Brodys a literary Family Sept who had been attached to the Ui mBriain in Thomond / Northern Munster. Fergal O Gara a Heberian Cianachta Chief from Co. Sligo in the north - west of Connacht, who was descended from 85.Cian a son of 84.Ailill “Olomm” the Gaelic Milesian 1st King of Munster also assisted them and an original copy can still be viewed at the Royal Irish Academy in Dublin. Another of the O Clerys was to write the history of Aedh "Roe" / Red Hugh O Donnell. Dr. John Lynch also wrote a History of the "Defence of the Irish People."

At this time live cattle, wool, hides, tallow, butter, linen yarn, rugs, herrings, pilchards and timber were being exported from Ireland.

Charles 1st the 2nd French Stuart English King now appointed his confidante, Thomas "Black Tom" Wentworth as the English Lord Deputy Lieutenant in Ireland to increase his revenue base there on his behalf, while giving him his utmost assurance that he would back him all the way no matter what he did or who was up against him and he then granted him a further 3000 acres in Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province and in Co. Kildare in Central Southern Leinster. He immediately introduced the previous suggestion of the English Lord Justices of once again processing Recusancy Fines against the Catholic Irish and Anglo - Irish for not conforming to the Church of England.

James Butler became the 12th English Earl of Ormonde in Ossory in Co. Kilkenny in the south - west of Southern Leinster until 1688 AD. He was a grandson of Walter Butler the previous 11^th Earl of Ormonde, and he had been the first of the Butlers to be taken as a minor and reared as a hardline Episcopalian and was put in charge to command the English Forces in Ireland against the Irish Septs and was later to become the 1st English Duke / Marquis of Ormonde who would resist all attempts to allow any Catholic Emancipation in Ireland.

The English Government Military forces in Ireland now destroyed the Catholic monastery that had been built on Station Island during the 6th and 7th Centuries AD to try and stop the Catholic pilgrimages to St. Patrick's Purgatory in Co. Donegal in the west of the Ulster Province.

Richard Boyle the English appointed 1st English Earl of Cork carried out renovations to the Catholic church at Maynooth in Co. Kildare in Central Southern Leinster to conduct the first Church of England service there. (It was originally constructedt by the Anglo - Irish Fitz Geralds),

1632 AD James Spottiswood the Church of England Bishop of Clogher also closed St. Patrick's Purgatory on the island in Loch Derg in Co. Donegal in the west of the Ulster Province.

1633 AD The Dominican Priors from the Holy Cross Abbey at Tralee in Co. Kerry in the south - west of the Munster Province who had previously been scattered were now somehow physically able to re - establish their order there.

July: Thomas Wentworth / "Black Tom" later on to be created the English Viscount Wentworth arrived into Ireland as the appointed English Lord Deputy in Ireland to further improve the financial position of Charles 1st and himself and repress the Catholic Irish and any other Dissenters / Non - Conformists to the Episcopalian Church of England. He was able to get the Catholic Irish to agree to continue to pay 20,000 pounds over the next year by use of his threat that the Recusancy Fines against them would be introduced while advising Charles 1st not to confirm the 51 Graces that he had previously promised for this great sum.

The Anglo - Irish Ascendancy in the House of Commons in Ireland also by now had 256 Members giving them a majority of up to 40 members and the Absentee Peerages also had been greatly increased, which allowed "Black Tom" Wentworth the numbers in the parliament to use their proxy votes to suite his commercial purposes in the interest of Charles 1st and himself.

Sir William Talbot / Talboid now Liscarton Castle in Co. Meath in the south - east of Northern Leinster at this time.

1634 AD July 15th: William "Black Tom" Wentworth the 1st English Earl of Strafford and appointed English Lord Deputy in Ireland called an Anglo - Irish Ascendancy Parliament were he reduced the representation again of the Anglo - Irish Catholics by one third and tried to make the Celtic custom of multiple marriage illegal. He also wanted to clear the Treasury's accumulated debt of 100,000 pounds and to this end had the Irish Catholic members agree to pay 20,000 pounds per year into the revenue while promising that another Parliament would confirm the 51 Graces to give them the rights they should have been entitled to anyway under English Common Law. November 4th: The Anglo - Irish Ascendancy Parliament met again and they demanded the confirmation of the 51 Graces that had been promised by Charles 1st, but "Black Tom" Wentworth was able to fob them off again. November 27th: "Black Tom" Wentworth advised the Anglo - Irish Ascendancy Parliament that they would be given only 10 Graces at the moment with the rest to be given when Charles 1st was ready to give them, which naturally upset them further. The Church of England Episcopalians in the Anglo - Irish House of Commons led by Sir Piers Crosbie, the member for Co. Offaly in the mid - north - west of Southern Leinster, were also effected by this reversal. December 3rd: During the next session "Black Tom" Wentworth put it to the Episcopalians in the Ascendancy Parliament that the problems associated with the confirmation of the 51 Graces were being caused by the Catholic Irish and he would deal with it in the new year.

John Bramhall was bought in from Yorkshire in England and created the Church of England Bishop of Derry in the north - west of the Ulster Province replacing Ussher the previous Church of England Bishop of Armagh as the controller of the Church of England religion in Ireland.

Lord Baltimore who was a Catholic founded Maryland in America as a haven for Catholics and other Dissenters / Non - Conformists who were not willing to follow the enforced Episcopalian Church of England.

1635 AD January - April: "Black Tom" Wentworth worked the Anglo - Irish Ascendancy Parliament, which was now well under his control and gained a total of 6 subsidies, which he was able to get them to increase to 40,000 pounds each and he still did not have to confirm the 51 Graces. Because of his continuing success in Ireland Charles 1st was able to claim nearly all of the land in the Connacht Province as opposed to the Burkes, on the proposition that Edward IV had inherited it all from the de Burghos / Burkes when Lionel the Duke of Clarence had married the heiress Elizabeth de Burgho. The Episcopalians in the Parliament still did not trust him although they had allowed him to fully use their prejudices to achieve his ends against the Catholic Irish who had gained nothing at all and the Old English / Anglo - Irish were still in fear of losing their land also. He dissolved the Ascendancy Parliament in Ireland and let it be known that he was going to also put in Church of England Planters in the territories taken over in the Connacht Province. He also took on Lord Wilmot the English President in Connacht and Richard Boyle the English 1st Earl of Cork who he forced to give up much of the Irish Catholic Church lands he had already acquired in Ireland and to further break down his authority he fined him 15,000 pounds. He also had the English appointed Vice - Treasurer in Ireland tried for Mutiny and condemned to death, which was never carried out, but it got him out of his way. February: He also fined the City of London merchants 70,000 pounds for not carrying out the terms of their charter when they were granted vast tracks of land in Ireland, which also naturally bought them out against him back in England. He banned all raw wool exports, except to England, and banned any export of linen, which bought him further into conflict with the Scottish Presbyterian Planters in the Ulster Province. July: He was able to claim more Irish land in the Connacht Province for Charles 1st in Co. Roscommon, Co. Sligo and Co. Mayo when the juries there gave in to his demands, but Richard Burke the 4th English Earl of Clanricarde held onto Co. Galway there, although an Anglo - Irish Catholic, as he was a personal friend to Charles 1st just as his father had been with James 1st, and he was also married to the widow of Sir Phillip Sidney. August: "Black Tom" Wentworth suffered his first set back when the jury in Co. Galway in the south of Connacht ruled against Charles 1st's intention to take over of the land there, so "Black Tom" then used harsh measures against them to encourage them to change their minds.

Meanwhile back in England, Charles 1st had William Laud his Episcopalian Church of England Archbishop of Canterbury who was not only anti - Catholic, but also anti - Puritan to really push home the dogma of their version of the Church of England also in Scotland, and Ireland until 1637 AD, where the Episcopalian Church of England adherents were also forced to conform to the new form of the Church of England worship. He became the Chancellor of Trinity College where together with William Chappell he was to also reform the Church of England in Ireland ensuring the use of English forms of worship to weed out the Puritans among them. A court of High Commission was introduced to oversee the restructure of the Church of England, which upset many of the English landholders in Ireland who had to surrender up their Catholic Irish Church lands previously confiscated, together with any church tithes they had since received. The 39 Articles of the Church of England drawn up by their Archbishop Bancroft to discourage the Puritans in England, was also bought into the Church of England in Ireland while the Calvinistic Articles of 1615 AD were removed. Henry Leslie a Scottish Presbyterian minister was put in as the Bishop of Down & Connor to ensure the Presbyterian Scottish ministers there also conformed to the new Church of England reforms, but many refused to bend as the Presbyterian religion in the lowlands of Scotland had also been based on Calvinistic teachings from France, so he removed them from their positions. November: William Laud also warned "Black Tom" Wentworth that although he was totally in control in Ireland, where he was continuing to increase Charles 1st's coffers immensely, that there were many complaints being received in England about the methods he was using to gain more and more revenues.

+On to 1636 AD - 1640 AD

Situated on the western bank of the Hunter River, midway between Muswellbrook and Denman the doorway to the Heart of Australia's "Horse Capital" in the Hunter Valley in New South Wales., Australia.

John & Sue Markham

RAINBOW FARMS 603 Roxburgh Road., Muswellbrook., 2333.

02 65 479 100 - Fax: 02 65 479 102 E - Mail: www.rainbowfarms@bigpond.com