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1611 AD Although 5,000 English Episcopalian Church of England Planters were to be bought into the Munster Province, over time the Catholic Irish were able to regain one third of their territory back through inter - marriage with many of them, their Celtic culture, the Irish environment, and their religious commitment including the descendants of Edmund Spenser, a favourite of Elizabeth 1st and Sir Walter Raleigh, who had been staunchly anti - Irish and anti - Catholic.

In Clonkee in Co. Cavan in Southern Ulster 64,377 acres of the territory of the Heremonian Dal Cuinn Ui Briuin O Reillys, which was just on two thirds of the total Irish territory there was given over to English Planters with some of them receiving up to 5000 acres each. The Church of England Episcopalian Institution of Trinity College in Co. Dublin in the mid - east of the Leinster Province had also received 100,000 acres in the Ulster Province from the territory of the Cenel nEogain O Nialls in Co. Tyrone, the Cenel Conaill O Donnells in Co. Donegal and the Heremonian 3 Colla Maguires of Co. Fermanagh. Despite all of these confiscations the English Plantation was still to go slow as those put in there were plain country English gentlemen who were easily scared, tight fisted and this caused many of them to sell up or exchange their portions of land to the Lowland Presbyterian Scottish Planters who were tougher and willing to make use of the Irish to whom they would also lease their land back to, but even allowing for this measure, which went against the will of James 1st, the actual Plantations continued to be slow. The English Earl, Lord Ridgeway also built the Augher Castle at Augher in Co. Tyrone in Central Ulster against the Irish Septs in that region.

The English East India Company, which was to take over control in India and lead onto to the complete devastation and cause so much misery their to the indigenous population also set up an Iron Works on the coast of Co. Cork in Southern Munster were they built 2 ships but it was to soon come to an end in 1613 AD.

Catholic priests were once again ordered out of Ireland.

1612 AD O Devanny the Catholic Bishop of Conor & Down in the south - east of the Ulster Province was killed.

Francis Blennerhasset built Castle Caldwell in Co. Fermanagh in the south - west of the Ulster Province against any chance of attack by the Irish Septs in the territory of the Heremonian Dal Cuinn 3 Colla Maguires. - Sir Arthur Chichester from Devonshire in England received a Charter from James 1st to build a town at Belfast in the north - east of Ulster and James 1st who was worried by the men at arms still in private hands in Ireland shipped out 6,000 of the mercenaries kept by the Lords and other persons of means to Sweden.

1613 AD May: A plan was put in place by Sir Arthur Chichester and Sir John Davies to also set up the Ascendancy Parliament in Ireland with an Episcopalian majority so as to pass their legislation to suite their own purposes including a Bill against the Catholic priests, especially the Jesuits, to stop the Catholic Irish and Anglo - Irish from sending their children abroad to be educated and to force the Catholic New English and Old English / Anglo - Irish in Ireland to be subject to their English Recusancy Laws for not conforming to the Church of England. - 40 extra Boroughs were created for the House of Commons with 18 in the Ulster Province going to the Corporations to ensure then positions for their Ascendancy representatives.

James 1st stated that the English Ascendancy Plantations must be completed quickly and he also granted Jenkin Conway who was another of his English Plantation Undertakers the Killorglin Castle of the Desmond Fitz Geralds in Co. Kerry in the south - west of the Munster Province and gave him permission to hold a Lammas - Puck Fair at Killorgan on the River Laune. This action allowed the Irish Fair that was already being held by the Irish Septs there to be continued on as the Puck Fair, which is still held over 3 days from August 10th - 12th and the ruins of the Castle Conway are still there to be seen north of the Mac Gilli Cuddy Reeks.

May 18th: The Anglo - Irish Ascendancy Parliament was re - opened for the first time since 1586 AD in Dublin under Sir Arthur Chichester composed of nearly all English Church of England Episcopalians who lived within The English Pale that surrounded Dublin, with 18 Irish only elected, as in the House of Lords the numbers were Episcopalians 24 - Catholic Irish and Anglo - Irish 12, and in the House of Commons Episcopalians 132 - Catholic Irish and Anglo - Irish 100. The Catholic Irish and Anglo - Irish put up Sir John Everard a staunch Anglo - Irish Catholic in opposition to the anti - Catholic persecutor, Sir John Davies as the Speaker but due to the numbers they were naturally unsuccessful and they then withdrew from the Parliament altogether in protest at the gerrymandering that had been perpetrated, followed by the minority who were also in the House of Lords and the Parliament was closed.

New Irish Penal Laws were introduced against the Irish Septs so that they were not allowed their religion, livelihoods, any rights as citizens, possessions, education and their Families were to be split up so that when an Irish Catholic father died his children were taken away and given to Episcopalians with the sole purpose to demoralise them and any property was taken from them thereby removing their chances of earning a living and to have them reared as English Episcopalians. Eventually only 2% of Ireland would survive in the hands of the Irish Septs as all Irish Catholics were excluded from inheriting their land as the Ascendancy appointed Judges informed them that, "The law does not suppose any such person as an Irish Catholic exists." The ever growing Commercial influence in the English Ascendancy Parliament also created bans on all Irish Cattle and Dairy Products, Soap, Candles, Cloth, Glass, Linen and Corn and they also tried to stop the Irish Fisheries. All the Irish Wool had to go only to England, and there was to be no Irish ships built and no merchant ships allowed to load or unload at an Irish Port.

James 1st gazetted Castlebar in Co. Mayo in the mid - west of the Connacht Provincer as a town and gave the merchants in the City of London 12 lots there also and sold English Baronets for money to anybody who could pay and they were then allowed to use the ancient insignia of the Red Hand of Ulster.

The Church of England Archbishop Usher of Armagh, died this year who lived at Termonfeckin in Co. Louth in the north - east of the Leinster Province, which was to be the Summer palace of the Episcopalian Archbishop of Armagh and Jonas Wheeler became the Church of England Episcopalian Bishop of Ossory - Co. Kilkenny in the south - west of Leinster until 1618 AD.

1614 AD Sir George Carew the English appointed President in the Munster Province told James 1st that there were many good English loyalists among the people in Ireland but they were united with the Old - English / Anglo - Irish Catholics and would "rebel" and along with Sir Arthur Chichester in the Ulster Province they also advised him that those Mere Irish who toed their official line should only receive one half of the land of what the Anglo Irish - Old English and the Royalists received.

The English Government began enforcing their new anti - Catholic Irish Laws and Irish shipping ordinances as there were now only 143 ships operating from Irish Ports with 100 of them being of a small tonnage.

The town of Clonakilty in Co. Cork in Southern Munster was founded by Richard Boyle the English 1st Earl of Cork who had arrived in Ireland from England basically penniless 25 years before and who had become quite rich with vast estates and who would be put in charge of Ireland for the English Crown in 1629 AD. Sir Toby Caulfield built a Jacobean Mansion at Castle Caulfield in Co. Tyrone in Central Ulster this year while the region from the town of Derry to Coleraine in the north - east of the Ulster Province was offered to the merchants in the City of London Companies but despite this eventually many of the English Planters were to return to England.

October - November: James 1st came out backing the anti - Catholic Irish persecutors, Sir Arthur Chichester and Sir John Davies actions in gerrymandering the Anglo - Irish Parliament to maintain an Ascendancy majority but 8 of the Boroughs were removed for not having been issued with writs prior to the election, 3 were declared to have no right of representation at all and the decision in 2 of the Boroughs were reversed due to the false returns. The Anglo - Irish Ascendancy House of Commons was now reduced to 210 representatives made up of a majority still of 108 Church of England Episcopalians and 102 Catholic Irish and Anglo - Irish, which because of the closeness of the numbers made those among the Ascendancy not so keen to take the available opportunities to create any more changes against the Dissenters - Non - Conformists aka Recusants.

Walter Butler became the 11^th English Earl of Ormonde in Co. Kilkenny in the south - west of the Leinster Province until 1632 AD who was a grandson of James Butler the 9^th English Earl of Ormonde

1615 AD The articles for the Episcopalian Church of England were drawn up based on French Calvinistic doctrine, which would later on under Charles 1st, the son of James 1st, clash with the fervent ideas of his particular religious procurator Bishop Laud.

The English Plantations began in earnest and James 1st reminded all," That the removal of the Irish from their land in Ireland was the main reason for them being there," and there would be repossession if they did not carry out his wishes and Sir Arthur Chichester was given permission to imprison anyone who made any opposition to the Plantations in Co. Wexford in the south - east of the Leinster Province and this was also eventually to be carried out by his successor Sir Oliver St. John. Naturally the new English Episcopalian Planters were to be terrorized by those Irish Septs and Anglo - Irish / Old English who were effected by the confiscations and plantation of their land.

November: Sir Arthur Chichester was recalled to England after being in control in Ireland for 10 years as the English Lord Deputy and was replaced by Sir Oliver St. John who continued to maintain his repressive actions against the Catholic Irish and Anglo - Irish.

Sir Richard Wingfield who had been granted 26,000 acres at Bray in Co. Wicklow in the south - east of the Leinster Province also built a Castle against the Irish Septs on the other land also given to him that had been confiscated from the Northern Ui Niall Cenel nEogain O Niall's fortress at Benburb in Co. Tyrone in Central Ulster.

+On to 1616 AD - 1620 AD

Situated on the western bank of the Hunter River, midway between Muswellbrook and Denman the doorway to the Heart of Australia's "Horse Capital" in the Hunter Valley in New South Wales., Australia.

John & Sue Markham

RAINBOW FARMS 603 Roxburgh Road., Muswellbrook., 2333.

02 65 479 100 - Fax: 02 65 479 102 E - Mail: www.rainbowfarms@bigpond.com