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The English Government tried to force those who re - emigrated to England back to Ireland to keep up English influence and perceived dominance in Ireland, while the English - Norman Barons - Lords and the English Government in Dublin Castle (Devil's 1/2 acre) tried to stop any of the others from leaving. There had been a shortage of tenants on the Irish confiscated territories since the Plague, Famine, and War and more of the land fell vacant and they had to use Irish ”spies” who were involved in a “covert conquest against their own frightened English." Irish Families were forced to anglicize their name to a similar sounding or spelling English name in any of the towns or trade to be seen then as "loyal English" not "Irish Enemies." There was also anti - Irish feeling in England to any of the Irish who had gone there taking any jobs at all, while the Anglo - Irish also were ”banned” from Universities, and from courts, which gave them no opportunity of professional training.

1407 AD The English Government administration in Dublin Castle (The Devil's 1/2 acre) were 20,000 pounds in debt with no funds forthcoming from England and their Military operations were confined to defending, The English Pale, namely Co. Dublin, Co. Meath, Co. Louth and Co. Kildare in the Leinster Province, which was too large a region now for them to control against the Irish Septs and they were restricted to The English Pale only. This frontier against the Irish Septs extended from Dundalk in Co. Louth, inland to Kells via Ardee in Co. Meath then south to Naas and Ballymore Eustace in Southern Leinster before turning east to the sea at Dalkey, skirting the Co. Dublin & Wicklow Mountains in Co. Wicklow in the south - east of Leinster on the way and the castles built therein against the Irish Septs.

To try and further strengthen The English Pale along the coast around Dublin in mid - eastern Leinster, the English King, Henry IV combined the two satellite towns of Drogheda in Co. Louth in north - east Leinster into one.

Henry V the second of the Lancasters became the new English King until 1422 AD and appointed Sir John Talbot aka Lord Furnival the English Lieutenant Governor in Ireland who was to also plunder the talents of the Irish poets.

Sir John Talbot the English Chief Governor in Ireland arrested Fitz Gerald the Earl of Kildare (the father - in - law of James Butler the English Earl of Ormonde) and Sir Christopher Preston for intending to seize the English Deputy, kill his men and nominate a Chief Governor of their own in Ireland. Preston was seized carrying documents incriminating him in this revolt, which included an Irish Gaelic version of the English Coronation oath and how the parliaments should be conducted.

1419 AD Sir John Talbot the English appointed Chief Governor of Ireland captured Mac Murrough in Southern Leinster but also later came up against James Butler the 4th English Earl of Ormonde in south - west Leinster and an all out struggle for government in Ireland ensued and the seizure of the English Earls lands in Ireland that were then taken into the English King’s hands by Talbot made it even worse. Talbot himself had also inherited confiscated lands in Ireland and he was to continue to quarrel with Butler for years.

1422 Henry V1 became the new King of England until 1461 AD and the Civil conflicts between the common ancestors of John of Gaunt in the War of the Roses began to interfere with the English Government's ability to continue to hold their control over Ireland and the Old English / Anglo - Irish, who were now also sending their children and teachers to Europe, were becoming more aware of their need to look more towards Ireland a their homeland also.

1429 AD James Butler the 4th English Earl of Ormonde - Ossory - Co. Kilkenny in south - west Leinster wanted the English King Henry V1 to not receive accusations against anyone in Ireland until the Anglo - Irish Parliament had first examined them, which was in the interests of Ormonde personally who packed the Parliament and from this time on 10 pounds was given to all the English Castle builders in The English Pale to assist them with their defences against the Irish Septs.

1441 AD The Anglo - Irish Council wanted the the English born in Ireland - Old English to have the same rights in England as the English born in England and because of this previously imposed prejudice it made them feel their actual Irish identity more, which then also boosted that inward emotion that they already felt under the frontier conditions of being Anglo - Irish in Ireland.

1447 AD Fitz Gerald the Anglo - Irish Earl of Desmond - Southern Munster who had Irish leanings and the Irish Irian O More the Chief of Co. Laois - Leix in mid - western Leinster and Mac Gilla Patrick the Heremonian Connla Chief of Ossory besieged Kilkenny in Co. Kilkenny in Leinster and the adjoining Co. Tipperary in north - east Munster the territory under the control of James Butler the English Earl of Ormonde. 76 towns and 16 churches were destroyed and many there were killed and prisoners taken, cattle and property regained from all those who had been installed there on the land of the Irish Septs who were the English King’s people.

1450 AD Richard of York the English Lord Lieutenant in Ireland returned to England due to the ongoing conflict between the descendants of John of Gaunt, the Lancasters and the Yorks, building up to the War of the Roses.

1452 AD James Butler the 4th English Earl of Ormonde - Ossory who was to die this year was advised by the English King, Henry V1, to treat the Irish as "Enemies" despite this he had retained Brehon Lawyers to administer the Irish Brehon Law in conflict with his English instructions and his son, James Butler was to become the 5^th English Earl of Ormonde until 1461 AD. The head of the Polestown Butlers, Edmund Mac Richard Butler was his Deputy in their territory in Ormonde, while he was away in England, who had been fostered by Richard O Hedigan the Archbishop of Cashel, as an Irishman, and as such he spoke Irish, loved Irish history and had scribes compose a book of Irish History.

1460 December: The English Kingmaker, the Earl of Warwick sailed from Ireland with the forces put together in Ireland for Richard of York and defeated the English army capturing the demented English King Henry V1 and Richard of York sailed for England to become the new English King but was then killed in battle there. His son, became Edward 1V who had been born in Ireland and he had James Butler the 5th English Earl of Ormonde’s head cut off for treason for opposing his father and York’s Parliament in England passed a motion that it was High Treason to attack any person under the English Great Seal, also that the Great Seal, Privy Seal and Signet were to be completely obeyed in Ireland.

1468 AD February 15^th: Thomas Fitz Gerald the 7th Earl of Desmond was taken from the Dominican Friary in Drogheda where he was being held prisoner and executed immediately and the whole of Ireland was in shock. Garret Fitz Gerald his brother then went north to Meath burning, wasting and destroying with 20,000 men plus 2,000 horsemen. Fitz Eustace the Treasurer freed his kinsman, the Earl of Kildare from prison in Dublin and both joined Garret Fitz Gerald also O Connor "Faly" and Kavanagh from south - east Leinster. Sir John Tiptoft had brought 500 archers from England and succeeded in defeating Garret but rebellion also broke out in other areas and O Reilly the Heremonian Dal Cuinn Ui Briuin King of East Breifne raided into Co. Louth in north - east Leinster from out of Co. Cavan in Southern Ulster, Garret Fitz Gerald went into Co. Tipperary, Henry O Niall killed the English Seneschal in the Ulster Province massacring 500 men and all of Leinster was in total revolt. Sir John Tiptoft then made peace with Fitz Gerald the Earl of Kildare who was later pardoned by the English King, Edward 1V if he procured peace in Ireland and the Parliament removed his Attainder subject to his bringing Leinster back into to peace and all of this now brought the Earl of Kildare to the forefront in Irish politics. Garret Fitz Gerald kept himself busy in Desmond - Southern Munster until his nephew, James Fitz Gerald, the son of the murdered 7th Earl of Desmond finally succeeded to the Earldom there. The English Government recognized James as the 8th Earl of Desmond but he refused to reconcile with Dublin or the English King, Edward 1V and this meant that Garret Fitz Gerald the Earl of Kildare was left to assume overall Anglo - Irish political leadership in Ireland.

1478 AD March 25^th: Thomas Fitz Maurice Fitz Gerald the 7th Earl of Kildare had died, and the English Duke of Clarence who had been the appointed English Lieutenant Governor in Ireland was executed for treason and the English Bishop Sherwood was also out of favour and the Anglo - Irish Council immediately elected a new Chief Governor, his son, Gerald "Mor" Fitz Gerald the 8th Earl of Kildare as the English Justiciar in Ireland. May: Gerald "Mor" Fitz Gerald the 8th English Earl of Kildare summoned an Anglo - Irish Parliament, which met at Naas. July: The Anglo - Irish Parliament was then continued on in Dublin. July 6th: Once again Edward 1V removed the Fitz Geralds and appointed Lord Grey as the new English Deputy in Ireland to replace Gerald "Mor" Fitz Gerald the 8th Earl of Kildare. August: Lord Grey arrived into Ireland with 300 English archers and met resistance from Gerald "Mor" Fitz Gerald's supporters and even the Dublin Castle Constable refused him entry and the Chancellor, Roland Fitz Eustace who was the 8th Earl of Kildare’s father - in - law kept the Seal from Lord Grey and the Treasurer assigned all revenues so that nothing was left for Lord Grey. September: The Anglo - Irish Parliament was continued in Connell. November: Lord Grey then convened another English controlled Parliament at Trim in Co. Meath, which was adjourned to Drogheda and then Dublin, calling Gerald "Mor" Fitz Gerald the Earl of Kildare’s Anglo - Irish Parliament a “Pretend Parliament” and annulled all it’s legislation. 2 English Parliaments were now fighting for control in Ireland.

1483 The new English Yorkist King, Richard 111 when he got in appointed a new English Chancellor in Ireland but Gerald "Mor" Fitz Gerald the 8th Earl of Kildare had appointed his own brother to the position and refused to admit the English King’s nominee under the Statute he had previously put through the Anglo - Irish Parliament and this meant that Richard 111 was forced to retain the Earl of Kildare in office, and accept his brother as Chancellor. Although he agreed with Kildare's decisions when he visited him in England in reality he was only biding his time and sent the Bishop of Annaghdown to Ireland to make contact, with any other "English Rebels and Dissidents," which included Garret Fitz Gerald the Earl of Desmond as well as The O Niall in the Ulster Province to get them on to his side. The following English King, Henry V11, the Welsh Tudor, who was only maternally connected to the Lancasters, was to get in eventually and all of his future plans would be lost as Richard 111 had seized the throne of England after his brother's death and it was believed that he did away with Edward 1V's 2 young sons in the Tower of London, which had also won him no friends in England.

1488 May 25^th: Owing to his strong connections in Ireland, Gerald "Mor" Fitz Gerald the 8th Earl of Kildare received a pardon from Henry V11's envoy to Ireland with Sir Richard Edgecombe sent over prior to negotiate terms with the "Irish Rebels" but in July: Gerald "Mor" Fitz Gerald the 8th Earl of Kildare treated Henry V11's envoy with contempt and refused the conditions he demanded and told him that they would become Irish before they would accept them. Eventually they took the Oath of Allegiance promising not to support the "Irish Rebels" in the future and the Earl of Kildare retained the office despite protests from the English in Waterford in Co. Waterford in south - east Munster who feared retaliation for having supported Henry V11 and the Archbishop Octavian of Armagh.

1492 June: Henry V11 dismissed Gerald "Mor" Fitz Gerald the 8th English Earl of Kildare from office by which time Perkin Warbeck had left Ireland and the English authority in Ireland was now divided between the Archbishop of Dublin and Walter Fitz Simons who replaced the Earl of Kildare as the English Deputy in Ireland and James Ormonde who took the title of Governor and Treasurer. Other Geraldine supporters were also removed, which ended the Earl of Kildare’s control also over the Anglo - Irish Council in Ireland and a situation of Civil War nearly occurred between Butler the English Earl of Ormonde and the Geraldine supporters. The Heberian Dal gCais O Brians in Thomond - Northern Munster supported the Butlers and the O Connors in Co. Offaly in mid - western Leinster supported the Geraldines so Thomas Garth invaded Co. Offaly and the Earl of Kildare took him prisoner and hung his son. Sir Thomas Butler the English 7th Earl of Ormonde and his enemies the Geraldines then arranged to meet at St. Patrick’s Church in Dublin were a hole had to be cut into the doorway so that they could shake hands after they had a slight skirmish outside.

December: An English controlled Anglo - Irish Parliament met at Drogheda in Co. Louth in north - east Leinster now under Sir Edward Poynings as the new English Lord - Deputy - Viceroy in Ireland who had been sent over with an English Army to introduce legislation to suite the English King, Henry V11, known as the Statute of Drogheda, to make the Irish & Anglo - Irish politically sub - servant to the English Privy Council and English Law. He introduced numerous new Irish Penal Laws into Ireland, which removed the independence of the Anglo - Irish Parliament who now could not meet and make Laws for Ireland without Henry V11's and the English Privy Council's approval. All the public offices including the Judges were from now on under English influences and all of the Irish influence was gone as had been requested by Henry V11 to reduce Ireland to, "Whole and perfect obedience." (Before this the Anglo - Irish Parliament had met annually.)

+On to 1401 AD - 1410 AD

Situated on the western bank of the Hunter River, midway between Muswellbrook and Denman the doorway to the Heart of Australia's "Horse Capital" in the Hunter Valley in New South Wales., Australia.

John & Sue Markham

RAINBOW FARMS 603 Roxburgh Road., Muswellbrook., 2333.

02 65 479 100 - Fax: 02 65 479 102 E - Mail: www.rainbowfarms@bigpond.com