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1591 AD The English Government under the direction of Elizabeth 1st the Welsh English Queen, hung 70 Irish men and women at Ennis / Innis in Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province, where they had previously constructed a jail and appointed Patrick Morgan as the jailer. - This year, they also put English Episcopalian Planters in to Co. Monaghan / Moynihan in Southern Ulster.

November: Brian O Rourke "The O Rourke" from the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn Ui Briuin Breifne Sept in Co. Leitrim in Northern Connacht was arraigned for High Treason at Middlesex in England, were he refused to recognize Elizabeth 1st or the English court or plead for mercy, and in December he was hanged by the notorious Myler Mac Grath the Church of England Bishop of Cashel, who had tried to also make him give up his Irish Catholic faith. Like so many other sons of the Irish Chiefs, his son, Brian "Oge" - the Younger O Rourke had been taken as a child to England by Sir John Perrot, along with the young Mac William Burke the English appointed Earl of Clan Rickarde, to be reared for an English purpose. Blood will out and they would both fight on opposing sides in the forthcoming Battle of Kinsale between the Irish Septs and the English Military forces in Co. Cork in Southern Munster. After Brian O Rourke had been previously driven out of his territory, his son, Brian "Oge" the Younger O Rourke really turned against the English, but endeavouring to hold onto his father's territory in Co. Leitrim in Northern Connacht he also tried to accommodate them, but as usual he was ignored, so he then took up the Irish cause completely.

1592 AD Magauran / Mag Shamhrain from Co. Cavan in the O Reilly kingdom of East Breifne in Southern Ulster, who was the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn Ui Briuin Catholic Archbishop of Armagh, sought help from the Pope and Philip 11 of Spain to try and bring an end to the ongoing Ethnic and Religious persecution on the Irish population.

February 23rd: Donnell "Reagh" Mac Namara the Heberian Dal gCais Ui Caisin Chief of the West Clan Culien, died this year. He was a son of Cuvea Mac Namara, the son of Donough Mac Namara, the son of Rory Mac Namara, the son of Maccon "Cean Mor" Mac Namara.

April: The aged Hugh "Dubh" O Donnell "The O Donnell" abdicated his position, and his young son, Hugh "Roe / Red" O Donnell became "The O Donnell" after he was crowned on the "Northern" Ui Niaill Cenel Conaill Inauguration Stone at Carrig - na - Duin, and set himself up in their Donegal Castle, and began his attacks on the English Military forces there, and cleaned up the Co. Donegal / Tyrconnell region of all the English threats. He was to continue on with his resistance right up to the final Battle of Kinsale against the English Military in Co. Cork in Southern Munster together with his brother - in - law, Hugh "Roe" O Niall the 2nd English appointed Earl of Tyrone who was by then to be "The O Niall" and more and more beginning to feel his Irish heritage.

August: The young Hugh "Roe" O Donnell who was now "The O Donnell" from the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn "Northern" Ui Niaill Cenel Conaill Sept also submitted to the English appointed Lord Deputy in Ireland, in his role as "The O Donnell" and was to be imprisoned in England for doing so.

Elizabeth 1sts. English government's Dublin Castle authorities in The English Pale surrounding Dublin in Ireland gave over the All Hallows ground there, which had been previously the land of the Knight Templars prior to the Confiscation of all the property of the Catholic Church in Ireland, for the building of the Episcopalian institution of Trinity College, which was to be mainly constructed from Portland Stone, and which would be founded on the principle of no Catholic Irish or Catholic Anglo - Irish allowed in there to be educated.

The original Anglo - Norman / Anglo - Irish Barrys / de Barri and the Anglo Norman Anglo - Irish Roches / de Roiste who had territory in Co. Cork in Southern Munster by now had become completely Gaelic / "More Irish then the Irish" and the Old English - Anglo - Irish now sent their children to be reared by the "Mere Irish."

Donough O Brien the 4th English appointed Earl of Thomond, in Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province, was now only an Irish man in name only, and he assisted Sir Richard Bingham the English appointed Governor of Connacht, to quell the Anglo - Irish Burkes / de Burghos in the Connacht Province.

December 25th: The young Hugh "Roe" O Donnell "The O Donnell" who had been put into Bermingham prison in England, escaped and returned to Ireland.

Sir John Perrot, the previous English appointed Deputy Governor in Ireland, who had carried out Elizabeth 1st's instructions to the letter in Ireland, and who was possibly her illegitimate half - brother, quarrelled with her, for which she was to execute him this year also in the Tower of London.

1593 AD Turlough "Luineach" O Niall the present "The O Niall" in the Ulster Province, abdicated, after being persuaded by Hugh "Dubh" O Niall the English appointed 2nd Earl of Tyrone, who was eager to get on with his intentions of becoming "The O Niaill" himself, to try and combine the other Irish Septs and drive the English out of Ireland once and for all. (Turlough "Luineach" O Niall had been previously supported to the position by the English to do their bidding, but was a disappointment to all.)

Grace O Malley the Heremonian Ui Briuin Pirate Queen from Co. Mayo in the mid - west of the Connacht Province, was invited by Elizabeth 1st to England, where she saw herself as her equal, and made the comment to Elizabeth 1st that she did not actually do anything physical herself, and she gave up her son Toby Burke to be reared by her," As he had Saxon blood," and he later was to become the English Viscount of Mayo in the mid - west of Connacht.

Trinity College was opened in Dublin for Episcopalians only, and it wasn't until 200 years later in 1792 AD that an Irish or Anglo - Irish Catholic was allowed to enter the College to receive a degree, and not until 1873 AD that an Irish Catholic was entitled to full rights and endowments in the College, after the Scotsman, William Gladstone had become the Prime Minister of Britain, and under his direction the Catholic Irish were once again in 1869 AD to be allowed, under English Law, to legally exist in their own Country of Ireland, although they were the majority still of the population despite all of the Persecution, Confiscation and Plantation.

Hugh "Roe" O Donnell "The O Donnell" the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn "Northern" Ui Niaill Cenel Conaill Chief, allied with his "Northern" Ui Niaill kinsman, Hugh "Dubh" O Niall "The O Niall" and his cousin, Hugh Maguire "The Maguire" and a 9 Year War of resistance was begun against Elizabeth 1st's English Ethnic and Religious oppression in Ireland.

In the meantime, Donnell "Cam" O Sullivan was now the Heberian Eoghanacht Chief of Beare Haven and Bantry in Co. Cork in Southern Munster, were he became "The O Sullivan Beare," and his uncle, Sir Owen Sullivan was given Whiddy Island and part of Bantry, while his other uncle, Philip O Sullivan the Tanaiste (heir apparent) retained Ardea Castle on the River Kenmare. Sir Owen O Sullivan also died this year, and his ambitious son, also Sir Owen "Oge" - the Younger O Sullivan succeeded to his position as the Lord of Bantry until 1603 AD, with his eye always firmly fixed on the position of "The O Sullivan Beare" for himself also.

Brian "Oge" - the Younger O Rourke the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn Ui Briuin Breifne Chief in Co. Leitrim in Northern Connacht went on the attack against the continuing English oppression, and he besieged Sir Richard Bingham the English appointed Governor in Connacht at Ballymote Castle with his Irish forces and burnt it and 13 of the villages surrounding it, down.

1594 AD As it was the policy of Elizabeth 1st in England to obliterate all Irishness, so that, "No Irishmen was to know his grandfather," Sir James Ware who was Irish born and therefore Anglo - Irish became an Irish Patriot and employed the scribe O Flaherty for 7 years to write down the "History of Ireland," and to this end also during this period the Irish Catholics and Anglo - Irish Episcopalians united to assist the Anglo - Irish Catholic Priest, Luke Wadding in Rome, to keep the History of Ireland for future generations, from being totally obliterated.

John Rothe / Rut (red) built the merchant's house, known as Rothe House in Kilkenny in Co. Kilkenny / Ossory in the south - west of Southern Leinster this year. - Edmund Spencer married Elizabeth Boyle.

1595 AD Hugh "Roe" O Donnell "The O Donnell" while raiding the Connacht Province this year, used the ford across the River Shannon further to the north at Shannon Bridge in Co. Offaly in the mid - west of Southern Leinster where he came under attack from the English Military forces and some of his men were killed.

Elizabeth 1st now also styled herself the Duchess of Ulster, claiming descent from the Mortimers, and the original Anglo - Norman de Courcy conquest of that region in Ulidia / Ulaid as well as Co. Antrim and Co. Down there in the Ulster Province. She Confiscated 210,000 acres there in Ulster for the Transplanting of Episcopalian Planters, and to carry out further Ethnic cleansing of the Mere Irish / Catholic Irish, and with all this ongoing Ethnic and Religious aggression against all things Irish and Catholic, the Ulster Irish Chiefs were now desperate to survive, and they offered the Crown of Ireland to Phillip II the King of Spain, to assist them to drive the English out of Ireland for good.

Turlough “Luineach” O Niall, died, who had previously been the unpopular "The O Niall" with English assistance, who was a son of Art O Niall, who was a brother to Conn “Bacach” O Niall who was also previously "The O Niall" who had become the English appointed 1st Earl of Tyrone. (They had both been sons of Conn “Mor” O Niall.) Black Hugh O Niall, the son of Ferdoragh O Niall, and the English appointed 1st Baron of Dungannon in the Ulster Province was created the English 2nd Earl of Tyrone, by Elizabeth 1st, following on from his grandfather, Conn "Bacach" O Niall, believing him to be well and truly hers, as he had been English reared for an English purpose, and was previously loyal to her cause until he became more aware of his Irish heritage. To this end Black Hugh O Niall had previously put down an Irish Uprising in the Munster Province and also in Co. Monaghan in Southern Ulster for her, and because of this she was to allow him 600 paid men each year, and he then began to build up a well trained Irish force in Ulster, training them in the art of warfare, and dressed them in red uniforms, and obtained lead shot by pretending to roof his Dungannon Castle. Also unbeknown to her he was to be inaugurated by the Irish "Northern" Ui Niaill Septs as "The O Niall" in his own right on the Rath of Tullyhogue in Co. Tyrone in Ulster. He had previously married the half - sister of the young Hugh "Roe" O Donnell, which had further re - united the 2 great "Northern" Ui Niaill Ulster Septs once again, and this act alone would have certainly brought about a greater awareness of his Gaelic Milesian heritage.

July: Black Hugh O Niall as "The O Niall" now assumed the role of the outright Irish Chieftain in the Ulster Province, when all of the Irish Chiefs met west of Loch Neagh, where he claimed his Irish title through Gaelic ritual, and this was to also make him eligible to gain the High Kingship of Ireland, and he began to spread Irish resistance also into the Munster Province and the Connacht Province, against the ongoing English Ethnic and Religious oppression that was constantly being carried out under the orders of Elizabeth 1st. Together with his young brother - in - law, Hugh "Roe" O Donnell "The O Donnell" from Co. Donegal in the west of Ulster, he began an all out War against the English Military forces of Elizabeth 1st for the next 9 years. He was to keep his Family and valuables for safety on a Crannog Fort to the east of Hamilton's Bawn / Monellan in Co. Armagh in the south - east of Ulster, and his ally Hugh Maguire "The Maguire" the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn Colla da Crioch Chief of Fermanagh also defeated the English Military forces there at the Ford of Biscuits near Enniskillen.

October 5th: Black Hugh O Niall "The O Niall" now personally appealed directly to King Philip 11 of Spain, through Don Carillo, to assist the Irish forces to drive the English out of Ireland once and for all.

+On to 1596 AD - 1599 AD

Situated on the western bank of the Hunter River, midway between Muswellbrook and Denman the doorway to the Heart of Australia's "Horse Capital" in the Hunter Valley in New South Wales., Australia.

John & Sue Markham

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