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1581 AD Conor O Brien the English appointed 3rd Earl of Thomond, son of Donough "The Fat" O Brien the previous 2nd English Earl of Thomond, died at 45 years of age and was buried in Ennis Abbey in Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province and his eldest son, Donough O Brien became the next English appointed 4th Earl of Thomond and was educated in England as an Episcopalian and both he and his father were to be nothing more for the Dalcassians in Thomond / Northern Munster than agents only for the English cause.

Elizabeth 1st the Welsh English Queen now instructed Captain Malby the English appointed President / Governor in the Connacht Province to divide Co. Clare into English Baronies and the town of Ennis was chosen to carry out their Assizes against the Irish Heberian Dal gCais Septs there, and he also destroyed the Moygara Castle assisted by Scotch mercenaries in the territory of the Heberian Cianacht O Garas the Kings of Moygara and Coolavin in Co. Sligo in the north - west of Connacht. Malby's son, much later on in the early 17th Century AD was to be killed in battle at Aughrim in Co. Galway in Southern Connacht, by Donnell "Cam" O Sullivan the Heberian Eoghanacht Chief of "Beare Haven" who was to have his original territory in Co. Cork in Southern Munster. At that time also 1,000 members of the O Sullivan Clann, men, women and children would then be on their way up to the north of Ireland trying to escape the English brutality in the south and to join up with and receive the protection of Black Hugh O Niall the "Northern" Ui Niaill Irish Chieftain of the 6th and last "Irish Rebellion" against the never ending ethnic and religious oppression of Elizabeth 1st in Ireland.

Another Donough, "Beg" - the Small O Brian had taken part in this recent "Irish Rebellion" under Mac William Burke the Anglo - Irish Earl of Clan Rickarde and was held by Cruise O Brien, the English appointed Sheriff of Co. Clare, who delivered him up to Sir John Perrot the English appointed Lord Deputy at Quin, who half - hanged him then crushed and mangled his body with blows from a heavy axe and with most of his bones then broken he was dragged up to the tower in Quin Abbey and tied on the roof for the birds to finish off his remains.

Edmund Campion (1540 - 1581) died this year who was an English Jesuit and martyr.

1582 AD Mac William Burke the English Earl of Clan Rickarde, died, who had been during his lifetime the husband of 4 legal wives while Turlough O Donnell had been married 10 times and John the Lord of Leitrim had produced a son from his own sister, and during this particular period of misery, "Bottle" Smith was the Official Poisoner for the English Government at Dublin Castle (The Devil's 1/2 acre).

Gerald Fitz Gerald the 16th Earl of Desmond had been forced to hide out in the caves in Co. Kerry in the south - west of the Munster Province where he was to be eventually betrayed by his own kinsman, Edmond Fitz Gerald from Killmallock / Cill Mocheallog overlooking Loch Coumshinguun in Co. Waterford in the Golden Vale in south - east Munster. Edmond Fitz Gerald would be the last White Knight after he was to receive 1,000 pounds from Elizabeth 1st for his betrayal and his descendants were to change their name to Fitz Gibbon.

1583 AD November: the last effectual leader of the Fitz Geralds was to be killed this month. His Fitz Gerald / Gherardini Anglo - Irish Catholic kinsmen were to then slowly submit in the final stages of the overall English Elizabethan extermination of this tried and tested family who had served England so well over the Centuries while also remaining true to themselves and their beliefs. In the future, in the Tower of London, 32 names of their family members would be found on a parchment, as either Executed or Attainted (Off with their heads.) The now aged Gerald Fitz Gerald the 16th and last Earl of Desmond, who had been previously imprisoned in English jails for 25 years, was now hiding out in what he thought was his strongest support area in the woods of Glenaginty above Tralee in Co. Kerry in the south - west of the Munster Province in fear of his life. Needing supplies to survive he had sent out a party to obtain provisions to carry on but unfortunately those he had sent out were to pick on Moriartys cattle and also insulted his family and Moriarty swore revenge on the Earl and obtained English Militia to seek him out and O Kelly to track him down. They followed his cattle's trail to Glean na Geenty (The Glen of Gentiles), which was 5 mile east of Tralee on the Co. Kerry / Co. Cork border were they took him into custody and sent him onto Butler the English Earl of Ormonde who hung him and cut off his head sending it on to Elizabeth 1st and she rewarded them all with gold and put his head on display on the London Bridge. When the local people found his headless body they hid it to save him from further desecration and buried it at Kilananina / Coill an Anma (The Wood of the Soul.) In what is known as Desmond's Grave there, near the altar, there is an ancient church where only those of Desmond blood were buried, including many of the Fitz Geralds, O Flynns, O Loughlins, O Egans and one O Rahilly. The last of the Irish Septs submitted there when this particular "Desmond Rebellion" was bought to an end, while the westerly winds near Tralee are now known as "Desmond's Howl." His tracker O Kelly was to meet his end when he was eventually hung for Highway Robbery at Tyburn.

Elizabeth 1st's advisors, Burghley, Walsingham, Sir Humphrey Gilbert and his half - brother Sir Walter Raleigh drew up plans to introduce English Episcopalian Planters into the Munster Province, while Gerald Fitz Gerald's castle and land was Confiscated and given over to Sir Edward Denny by Elizabeth 1st until later on in the 17th Century AD the castle was to be taken over by the Irish Confederacy for 2 years. (Murrough O Brien who was then to be the English appointed Lord of Inchiquin, who had also been Episcopalian reared in England, was by then fighting on the side of the English Puritan Parliament to try and capture it, which was to force the Irish then to burn the Castle along with the town.) Meanwhile Elizabeth 1st had Gerald Fitz Gerald's son the young Earl of Desmond taken to England and put in the Tower of London also where he too was to be Episcopalian reared and then shown later to the people in England as a stunted individual with an enfeebled mind.

The Dingle / Daingean area in Co. Kerry in the south - west of the Munster Province had been the original territory of the O Cush / Mac Coise / Ui Cuis Chiefs before the Anglo - Norman Invasion, but at this time it was held by the Husseys / de Hosey under the protection of the Fitz Geralds and it was now to be given over also to Thomas Butler the 10th English Earl of Ormonde who had put the whole of the Irish population in that particular area to the sword and the Anglo - Irish there were also seen by the English as not to be trusted, as they were now considered "More Irish than the Irish."

The Heberian Eoghanacht O Mahonys of Micheltown who were descended from 110.Cian and 105.Brian "Boru's" daughter 106.Sadb had turned Episcopalian also to hold onto their territory there, but in the future they would produce the first "Fenian" in John O Mahoney. They too now had their territory Confiscated and given over to the English Episcopalian Planter Landlords, the Kingstons. Elizabeth 1st then appointed an English President into the Connacht Province who changed the Irish land titles to English titles. - Edgeworth was also put in as the Episcopalian Bishop of Down and Connor in the south - east of the Ulster Province who was to become the ancestor of Maria Edgeworth, the author of "Castle Rackrent," and this saw the beginning of the Edgeworth prominence also in Ireland and the setting up of Edgeworth town / Meathus Truim in Co. Longford in the north - west of Northern Leinster.

1584 AD June 19th: Dermott O Hurley / Diarmait Ua hUrthuile the Heberian Dal gCais Catholic Archbishop of Cashel in Co. Tipperary in the north - east of the Munster Province was also tortured and executed by the English forces outside of Dublin for refusing to acknowledge Elizabeth 1st and the English Episcopalian religion as Supreme. They put his feet into tin boots, which they then filled with oil in stocks and lit a fire under them until all of the flesh peeled off of them and then hung him.

Elizabeth 1st officially granted Sir Walter Raleigh 42,000 acres of the Fitz Gerald Desmond territory in the Munster Province. - A castle was built at Lisdoonvarna in Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province against the Irish Heberian Dal gCais Septs there.

Donough Mac Namara the son of Teige Mac Namara from the Heberian Dal GCais Ui Caisin Clan Culien, died this year, who was a son of Cuvea Mac Namara, the son of Cumara Mac Namara, the son of John Mac Namara. He was succeeded by his brother, John Mac Namara.

1585 AD "Black" Hugh O Niall, the son of Ferdoragh O Niall, and the grandson of Conn "Bacach" O Niall, from the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn "Northern" Ui Niaill Cenel nEogain Sept was the English appointed 2nd English Earl of Tyrone in the Ulster Province when recognized by the English Ascendancy Parliament after he had been taken as a child and also reared for an English purpose by Sir Phillip Sidney's father in England for 8 years. He had since been given Scottish bodyguards and Foreign / Gall servants to serve the cause of Elizabeth 1st and the English Crown in Ireland and at this time still could not understand why the "Rebel Irish" would not accept the English ways.

Ireland was now divided into Counties, and the English Shire system was extended, with 27 of these Counties to send selected members to the next English Ascendancy Parliament in Dublin. - Dingle in Co. Kerry in the south - west of the Munster Province was granted a charter as a town and the English soldiers who were involved in the massacre at Smerwick under Elizabeth 1st's Lord Deputy in Ireland, Lord Grey / de Wilton, were planted there and she also gave 300 pounds for a wall to be built around the town to keep the Irish Septs out. - The territories in the Connacht Province were now also confiscated and the Irish Families there, under English Law, became tenants on their own land, having to now pay rents and charges, as all Irish landholdings there wwere now abolished.

April 26th: Sir John Perrot the English appointed Lord Deputy in Ireland convened an English Ascendancy Parliament in Dublin, and also divided the Ulster Province into Counties, and Tyrconnell (The Land of 88.Conall "Gulban") the territory of the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn "Northern" Ui Niaill Cenel Conaill O Donnells now became known as Co. Donegal from Dun na Gall (The Fort of the Foreigners / Strangers.)

August 17th: Sir Richard Bingham the English appointed Governor in the Connacht Province and Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province introduced the Composition of Connaught were he imposed new Taxes as a fixed rent, whereby Ten shillings was to be paid for every 120 acres held to Elizabeth 1st the Welsh English Queen. The Heberian Dal gCais Ui Caisin Mac Namaras in Co. Clare objected to this further outrage and Mahon O Brian the Heberian Ui Bloid Ui Turlough Ui mBriain Chief, of Cloon Dovan in Kilkeady, 6 miles to the north - east of Corofin refused altogether to co - operate in this English imposition in Thomond. Sir Richard Bingham known as "The Fiend of the Sickle" attacked his castle with firearms and cannon for 3 weeks, until he was finally able to kill him with a rifle shot and all of the survivors in the castle then surrendered and he executed everyone of them and destroyed the castle. John Mac Namara signed the Composition. - Grace O Malley the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn Ui Briuin Ui Maille Pirate Queen from Co. Mayo in the mid - west of Connacht was also taken prisoner by Sir Richard Bingham, who then built a special gallows intending to hang her, but changed his mind and let her go. - An ordinance was enacted by the English in a session held at Ennis in Co. Clare that the Chief of each Irish Sept there should be stript of their titles and tributes, except for John Mac Namara the Chief of West Clan Culien who refused to sign up to these particular English regulations.

The English authorities under Elizabeth 1st also took objection to the long hair worn by the Irish, their women drinking alcohol, and kissing each other when they met, their easy method of divorce, and their probationary marriages, the women keeping their own names, or naming their babies after their father's family line.

During this period the Heremonian Ui Laoghaire Ui Lughaidh Cu Cu Corb O Brennans, the O Hughes, the O Dunnes the Kings of Iregan, the Irian O Mores, the Heremonian Ui Laoghaire Ui Lughaidh Cu Corb O Phelans, O Delaneys and the Irian O Lalors, were cleared out of Cloneagh in Co. Laois in the mid - west of Southern Leinster, twice. (This was where St. Fintan in an earlier age had founded a school and Rory O More and James Fintan Lalor were to become their 2 most famous sons in the future. - The Heberian Eoghanacht Chaisil Mac Carthys built Ballynacarriga Castle in Co. Cork in Southern Munster to try and command the pass there. - It was during this time also that Teague O Roddy / Tadhg Ua Rodaigh from Fenagh in Co. Leitrim in Northern Connacht, who was an Irish historian, collected many ancient manuscripts, including 30 books on the Irish Brehon Law.

+On to 1586 AD - 1587 AD

Situated on the western bank of the Hunter River, midway between Muswellbrook and Denman the doorway to the Heart of Australia's "Horse Capital" in the Hunter Valley in New South Wales., Australia.

John & Sue Markham

RAINBOW FARMS 603 Roxburgh Road., Muswellbrook., 2333.

02 65 479 100 - Fax: 02 65 479 102 E - Mail: www.rainbowfarms@bigpond.com