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1551 AD Murrough O Brian who was to be the last inaugurated Heberian Dal gCais / Dalcassian King of Thomond / Northern Munster and the English appointed 1st Earl of Thomond and English appointed 1st Baron of Inchiquin, died this year and Donough / Donnchad “The Fat” O Brien who was a son of his brother, Conor O Brian, who had also been the previous King of Thomond / Northern Munster, became the English appointed 2nd Earl of Thomond. This English title in Ireland was then made hereditary by Edward VI, the son of Henry V111, who was the young English Welsh Norman King of England, who also granted the Catholic monastery and lands at Newry in Co. Down in the south - east of the Ulster Province to Nicholas Bagenal / Bagnall who colonised the Estate and rebuilt the castle there.

1552 AD As a sign of worse things to come both ethnically and sectarian wise, the Galls / foreigners who made up the English garrison in Athlone in Co. Westmeath in the south - west of Northern Leinster, now plundered the Catholic monastery at Clonmacnoise in Co. Offaly in the north - west of Southern Leinster, which had been founded in 545 AD by St. Kieran / St. Ciaran, where they wrecked all of the religious buildings and removed the bells from the towers reducing them all to a final ruin.

John “Bilious“ Bale who had been a monk from Norwich in England and a religious reformer was appointed the Episcopalian Bishop of Ossory in Co. Kilkenny in the south - west of Southern Leinster until 1553 AD, but was to leave Ireland later on when Mary 1^st the Catholic daughter of Henry V111 was returned to the monarchy in England, after the death of her young sickly half - brother, Edward V1.

1553 AD Mary 1st the legitimate daughter of Henry V111 and Catherine of Aragon was in as the Catholic Welsh Norman Queen of England and the Catholic Church was restored in Ireland, with all the clergy who had sold out their original faith denounced, and a proclamation was issued in all ports for all non - Catholic foreigners to also leave Britain. With a glimmer of hope for some normalcy returning in Ireland, Donnell O Brian was now recognised by the Dalcassian people as the Irish Prince of Thomond as the Tannist (heir apparent) in Co. Clare up until 1559 AD, and he and Turlough O Briain attacked Donough "The Fat O Brien the English appointed 2nd Earl of Thomond in his fortress at the Clonroad in the town of Ennis. During the siege Donough "The Fat" O Brien was able to escape to his tower, although he was gravely wounded, but died a few weeks later, so they burned his stronghold in the town, and also began to lay siege to Mac William Burke the English appointed Earl of Clan Rickarde and also besieged Southern Leinster, which they considered, was still under their jurisdiction in Mogha's Half.

James Butler, the son of Pierce Butler, was also able to return from exile and he became the English appointed Earl of Ormonde in Co. Kilkenny in the south - west of Southern Leinster.

1554 AD Mary 1st the Welsh Spanish Queen, who was the legitimate Catholic daughter of Henry V111 and Catherine of Aragon was trying to restore the Catholic faith in England, Wales and Ireland, and during her reign had the debilitated St. Patrick's Church in Dublin rebuilt, which had been allowed to fall into decay, due to a lack of patronage under the Episcopalian Church of England / Ireland although it was the original Church of St. Patrick.

1555 AD The Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn Colla Uais Mac Donnells / Mac Donalds had increased their Scottish tenants throughout this Century in the territory that they now controlled in Co. Antrim in the north - east of the Ulster Province and Mary 1st the English Queen wanted them out and to be replaced by English and Welsh Planters.

1556 AD Mary 1st the Welsh Spanish English Queen confiscated the lands of the Irish Chiefs in Co. Offaly and Co. Laois in the north - west of Southern Leinster and intended to put English Planters into those two Counties also, as they were along the border region of The English Pale surrounding Dublin in the north - east of Southern Leinster, as this would then be a further extension of the English controlled territory there in Ireland. (Both of the Counties there were to be renamed, Co. Offaly (Kings Co.) and Co. Laois (Queens Co).

During this period in time Grace O Malley / Grainne Ua Maille the Pirate Queen had her fort at Carrigahooly Castle on Clare Island near Newport in Co. Mayo in the mid - west of the Connacht Province. Her father had been Eogan / Owen Black Oak / "Dubh Dara" O Malley the Lord of the Isles and she gained control over her people when she was only 19 years of age, after she had successfully removed her younger brother. She had become famous for carrying out a raid on the English shipping, and the English had offered 500 pounds reward for her capture, and as a result they besieged her castle for 14 days from their stronghold in the City of Galway, but failed to capture her. Much later on she was also to remove the young heir of Lord Howth from Co. Dublin in the north - east of Southern Leinster, as a hostage, because they had their gate locked at dinner time when she had arrived there. After her first husband, "The O Flaherty" had died she was to marry the Anglo - Norman Earl, Sir Richard Burke, (known also as Mac William Eighter of Carrigahooly), who was the leader of the Anglo - Irish Burkes in Co. Galway in Southern Connacht, on a 12 months trial basis, after which she disposed of him and produced a son, Toby Burke. She was later to hand her son over to the Elizabeth 1st the Welsh Norman English Queen, who was to also rear him as in England as a non - Catholic Episcopalian for an English purpose, and he later became the English Earl of Mayo. (When Grace O Malley died she was to be buried in the Abbey there in Co. Mayo).

Also during this period the 26,000 acres of Irish territory at Bray in Co. Wicklow in the south - east of Southern Leinster, that was originally taken from the Irish Septs there by the Normans and granted to the de la Poers / Powers, after the Anglo - Norman Invasion under Strongbow, was now back in Irish hands under the control of the Heremonian Ui Laoghaire Ui Lughaidh Cu Corb Ui Cheinnselaig Kavanaghs also descended from an illegitimate son of 113.Dermot Mac Murrough "na Gall" the disgraced 59th King of Leinster. While in exile 113.Dermot had brought in the Anglo - Normans, against the Irish Brehon Law, to regain his own kingdom in Southern Leinster and had married his daughter 114.Eva / Aoife to Strongbow / Richard de Clare, giving him control over Southern Leinster after he died. The Mac Murroughs and their Septs, which included the Kavanaghs and the Kinsellas of Bannow, were the original Gaelic Milesian Tuaths in the area, who were the Kings of Leinster. After the de la Poers / Powers the territory there had then been recaptured and taken back into Irish hands once again under the Irish Chiefs, the Heremonian Ui Laoghaire Ui Lughaidh Cu Corb Ui Dunlainge O Byrnes and the O Tooles during the previous reign of Henry VIII in England. Later on after this it was to be Confiscated again by the English and given to the the English Talbots, until it came once again under the control of the Kavanaghs.

+On to 1558 AD - 1560 AD

Situated on the western bank of the Hunter River, midway between Muswellbrook and Denman the doorway to the Heart of Australia's "Horse Capital" in the Hunter Valley in New South Wales., Australia.

John & Sue Markham

RAINBOW FARMS 603 Roxburgh Road., Muswellbrook., 2333.

02 65 479 100 - Fax: 02 65 479 102 E - Mail: www.rainbowfarms@bigpond.com