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1496 AD May: Henry V11 had to send further funds to Ireland to sustain the English Militia there and he now also realised that it was time to once again return his authority in Ireland to Gerald "Mor" Fitz Gerald the 8th Earl of Kildare as the line of The English Pale around Dublin, that intended to keep out the Irish and under the control of England, was now at Clongowes in the Earl of Kildare's territory in Co. Kildare in Central Southern Leinster. August: Gerald "Mor" Fitz Gerald the 8th Earl of Kildare was on his way back to Ireland as the newly appointed English Deputy once again, as his arrest had also led to a Geraldine rebellion in Ireland, which had kept Sir Edward Poynings busy. August 5th: Gerald "Mor" Fitz Gerald the 8th English Earl of Kildare was given the King’s cousin in marriage, and he left his eldest son in England with Henry V11 as assurance of commitment to him and was reappointed the English Lord Deputy in Ireland for 10 years and was to appoint all the Ministers except the Chancery and given all lands he could secure from the "Irish Enemies" and "Irish Rebels" of Henry V11 in Ireland, but direct rule for Ireland was out of the question. To these ends and to show his commitment to the English cause Gerald "Mor" Fitz Gerald the 8th Earl of Kildare on arriving in Ireland burnt the Cathedral at Cashel in Co. Tipperary in the north - east of the Munster Province for Henry VII and told him he did it because he thought the Archbishop of Cashel was inside, but he was was not.

Conor "na Shrona" O Brian the Dalcassian King of Thomond, died, after a 30 year rule and Turlough "Oge Gilla Dubh " - the Younger of Dark Complexion O Brian, a son of Teague - Tadhg of Cromhadh O Brian was to rule in Co. Clare only for 3 years and 3 months until 1499 AD.

1497 AD Conor / Conchobar was the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn King of Moylurg / Mag Luirc who had their territory in Co. Roscommon in the east of the Connacht Province. - Eigneachan 11 O Donnell was the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn "Northern" Ui Niaill Cenel Conaill King of Tir Conaill / Tyrconnell who had their territory in Co. Donegal in the north - west of the Ulster Province who was to be followed by Conn "Bacach" O Donnell.

Sir Thomas Fitz Gerald was slain by one of the Butlers. - This year, Pope Alexander VI forbids pilgrims who travelled from all over Europe to go to St. Patrick's Purgatory in the cave situated on Station Island, which is 130 yards x 60 yards in Loch Derg in Co. Donegal in the west of the Ulster Province. (It had been recorded that St. Patrick had spent 40 days there to drive out the Devil from his stronghold in Ireland). - This year, Perkin Warbeck was to sail from Co. Cork in Southern Munster to Cornwall where he was to proclaim himself the young Yorkist Prince, Richard IV against the usurper, Henry VII, but he would be captured and hung 2 years later, as was the Mayor of Cork.

1498 AD Slaine Mac William, the daughter of Sheeda "Cam" Mac Namara and wife of Ulick of Clan Ricard, died this year.

1499 AD The English residents in Kilkenny City in Co. Kilkenny / Ossory in the south - west of Southern Leinster marched to aid the Butlers the English appointed Earls of Ormonde against Turlough "Oge" O Brian who was now the Heberian Dal gCais Ui mBriain King of Thomond / Northern Munster, who defeated them. - Gerald "Mor" Fitz Gerald the 8th English Earl of Kildare had "The O Donnell" foster his son, and this enabled him to be able to keep peace and also gather up forces there in the north in the Ulster Province. - Henry V11 was to suppress the Lordship of the Isles in the Highlands of Scotland and the Mac Donalds / Mac Donnells then moved to Islay, Rathlin Island and Co. Antrim in the north - east of the Ulster Province and the Redshanks from the Hebrides also spread westward against the Mac Quillans / de Mandevilles the Lords of the Route and southward against the O Nialls of Clannaboy and they enlisted with the Ulster Chiefs, and Flemings were to come in there also from Wales, and later on Huguenot refugees from France.

Teague / Tadhg was now the King of the Airtech / Ciarraige Airtig Sept who had their territory in Co. Roscommon in the east of the Connacht Province. - An another Teague / Tadhg was the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn Ui Briuin King of Moylurg / Mag Luirc who had their territory in Co. Roscommon in the east of the Connacht Province.

1500 AD - 1528 AD Turlough "Don" - of Brown Complexion O Brian, the nephew of Conor "na Shrona" - of the Big Nose O Brian and the son of Teague / Tadhg of Chromadh became the new King of Thomond / Northern Munster and to express his new found authority he besieged Limerick in Co. Limerick on the south - eastern side of the River Shannon, while his uncle, Mac William / Burke from the Clan Rickarde besieged the O Kellys from the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn Ui Maine / Hy Many in the east of the Connacht Province and seized their castles. They called in Gerald Fitz Gerald the English appointed Lord High Justice and 8th Earl of Kildare with an army from the east and the north, including Hugh O Donnell "The O Donnell" and his son, and a group of the Connachta, including Mac Dermot the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn Ui Briuin King of Moylurg and his followers. Bunratty Castle in Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province was to be taken over also by the Dal gCais Ui mBriain until the coming of the Civil War in England when they would then allow the English Puritan Parliamentary Admiral, Penn, the father of William Penn the founder of Pennsylvania in America, to take over possession.

60 of the Irish Chiefs were still surviving at this time including "The O Niall," "The O Donnell," "The Maguire," " The Mac Mahon" and "The O Reilly" in the Ulster Province, "The O Byrne," " The O More," "The O Connor" in Southern Leinster, "The Mac Carthy "Mor" and the "The O Brian" in the Munster Province and "The O Connor" in the Connacht Province as the Gaelic Septs still retained some control over their territory. The Anglo - Normans / Old English / Anglo - Irish from The English Pale had also since intermarried with the Gaelic Irish and were becoming, "More Irish then the Irish," having more in common with the Irish then with the English. The Anglo - Irish Fitz Geralds the Earls of Desmond in the south of the Munster Province controlled Co. Cork, Co. Kerry, Co. Limerick and Co. Waterford, while the other Anglo - Irish Fitz Geralds the Earls of Kildare controlled the whole of the Munster Province with the Fitz Maurices and the de Barrys. The consistently English reared and English committed Butlers controlled Ossory / Co. Kilkenny in the south - west of Southern Leinster while the Anglo - Irish Berminghams and Burkes were trying to maintain control in the Connacht Province. Meanwhile in the Ulster Province the "Northern" Ui Niaill Cenel nEogain O Nialls, and their kinsmen the "Northern" Ui Niaill Cenel Conaill O Donnells kept the English at bay, even to pushing them out of their territory there and the Ui Niaill Cenel nEogain O Hagans / Ui hAgain of Tulach and the O Kanes / Ui Cathain Septs were still responsible for installing "The O Niall" on the Inauguration Mound there where it still remained in their possession.

The Clara Castle was built in Co. Kilkenny / Ossory in the south - west of Southern Leinster against the Irish Septs there and is still there to be seen, while the Bally Teague Castle was built at Kilmore Quay in Co. Waterford in the south - east of the Munster Province on Forlorn Point adjacent to the Saltee Islands offshore for the same reason.

+On to the 16th Century

Situated on the western bank of the Hunter River, midway between Muswellbrook and Denman the doorway to the Heart of Australia's "Horse Capital" in the Hunter Valley in New South Wales., Australia.

John & Sue Markham

RAINBOW FARMS 603 Roxburgh Road., Muswellbrook., 2333.

02 65 479 100 - Fax: 02 65 479 102 E - Mail: www.rainbowfarms@bigpond.com