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1452 AD James Butler the 4th English Earl of Ormonde / Ossory who was to die this year was advised by the English Lancaster King, Henry V1, to treat the Irish Septs as "Enemies," despite this he had retained Brehon Lawyers to administer the Irish Brehon Law in conflict with his English instructions and his son, James Butler was to become the 5th English Earl of Ormonde until 1461 AD. The head of the Polestown Butlers, Edmund Mac Richard Butler was his Deputy in their territory in Ormonde, while he was away in England, who had been fostered by Richard O Hedigan the Archbishop of Cashel, as an Irishman, and as such he spoke Irish, loved Irish history and had scribes compose a book of Irish History.

Nechtan O Donnell was now the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn "Northern" Ui Niaill Cenel Conaill King of Tir Conaill - Tyrconnell who had their territory in Co. Donegal in the north - west of the Ulster Province.

1453 AD Brian was the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn U Briuin King of Tir nAililla who had their territory in Co Sligo in the north - west of the Connacht Province.

This year, the O Farrells / O Ferrells were the Gaelic Milesian Irian Kings of Anally who had their fortress at Longford / Longfort in Co. Longford in the north - west of Northern Leinster were they founded a Dominican Friary. Clohastia Castle was constructed on the River Barrow at Graigue na Managh / Duiske in Co. Kilkenny / Ossory in the south - west of Southern Leinster.

The Wine Trade at this time, which was originally with France, was now with Spain as the English monarchy lost it's French possessions there. Nicholas Woder who was the Mayor of Dublin for the 9th time in "The English Pale" was created an English Knight.

1458 AD Tumelty / Tomaltach was the King of the Airtech - Ciarraige Airtig Sept in Co. Roscommon in the east of the Connacht Province.

1459 AD Donough O Brian, the a son of Mahon "Dall" / the Sightless O Brian, became the new Heberian Dal gCais Prince / Tanaiste of Thomond / Northern Munster until 1461 AD. The Book of Thomond was written by the Heberian Dal gCais John Mac Craith / Mac Grath, the son of Rory, and was to be added to later on in 1721 AD by Andrew Mac Curtin for the Heberian Dal gCais Ui mBriain Lord Marshalls the Ui Caisin Mac Namaras / na Mara of Clann Cuilean of 260 pages.

This year, the heir - apparent to the English Monarchy, Richard of York's army was defeated in England by the Lancasters at Ludford Bridge there and he returned to Ireland were he received a hero's welcome and was to put together an Irish army of supporters to return to England to claim the English throne. The Anglo - Irish Parliament laid claim to Irish Home Rule this year from England. Sir Thomas Bathe the English Earl of Howth lost his peerage when he took out the eyes and cut out the tongue of the Catholic priest, Father John Stackboll.

1460 AD David Hackett became the Bishop of Ossory / Co. Kilkenny in the south - west of Southern Leinster until 1479 AD.

This year, the Heberian Dal gCais Ui mBriain Mac Mahons built a tomb in the Ennis Abbey at Clonroad / The Meadow of the Long Rowing on the River Fergus at Ennis / Innes in Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province, which is still there today. Dean Odo built a doorway into the Cathedral at Clonmacnoise in Co. Offaly in the north - west of Southern Leinster. The Blakes constructed Menlough Castle in Galway City in Co. Galway in Southern Connacht against the Irish Septs there. The Hall of Vicars Choral was erected on the Rock of Cashel in Co. Tipperary in the north - east of Munster. William Gurnard constructed the Rosserk Abbey for the Franciscan monks a few miles up stream on the River Moy in Co. Mayo in the mid - west of the Connacht Province. Mac William Burke / de Burgho built Moyne Abbey for the Franciscan monks on the shores of Killala Bay 2 miles west of Killala / Church of Alaidh in the north of Co. Mayo and they were to continue on there until 1590 AD, despite the later Confiscations of all the Catholic Institutions and land by the future Welsh Tudor English King, Henry VIII.

The Anglo - Irish Parliament in Ireland declared Ireland to be “corporate of itself,” which was bound only by the legislation of its own Irish Parliament.

December: The English Kingmaker, the Earl of Warwick sailed from Ireland with the supporting forces put together in Ireland for Richard of York and defeated the Lancaster English army capturing the mentally disturbed English Lancaster King Henry V1 and Richard of York set sail for England to become the new English Yorkist King but was then killed in battle there on the way. His son, became Edward 1V who had been born in Ireland and he then had James Butler the 5th English Earl of Ormonde’s head cut off for treason for opposing his father and York’s Parliament in England passed a motion that it was High Treason to attack any person under the English Great Seal, also that the Great Seal, Privy Seal and Signet were to be completely obeyed in Ireland.

1460 AD The English Parliament declared radical corporate identity in Ireland and the Anglo - Irish / Old English Earls formed a ruling class that emphasised allegiance to the English Crown and antipathy towards Gaelic Ireland.

+On to 1461 AD - 1465 AD

Situated on the western bank of the Hunter River, midway between Muswellbrook and Denman the doorway to the Heart of Australia's "Horse Capital" in the Hunter Valley in New South Wales., Australia.

John & Sue Markham

RAINBOW FARMS 603 Roxburgh Road., Muswellbrook., 2333.

02 65 479 100 - Fax: 02 65 479 102 E - Mail: www.rainbowfarms@bigpond.com